简单句

中文: 北京西站就要到了

英文: We are arriving at Beijing west railway station.

中文: 郑州下雨了

英文: It is raining in Zhengzhou.

中文: 我要去理发

英文: I will ask a barber to cut my hair. 或 I will have my hair cut.

不能译为: I will cut my hair.

中文: 饭吃了吗你?

英文: Have you had lunch?

不能译为: Lunch eat?

小结:

①.汉语可以没有主语或谓语或宾语,英语必须必须具备主语和谓语(动词)

②.汉语如果有主谓宾,主谓宾不讲究顺序;

英语不但要有主谓,并且主谓宾的关系需要固定。

③.汉语对词性没有严格的要求,英语对词性有严格的要求

1) 汉语句子中可以没有动词做谓语;英语中不可以没有动词做谓语。

比如:大雁很美!

这个中文句就没有谓语,但是翻译成英文时,必须有谓语

即: Dayan is beautiful ! 而不是Dayan beautiful !

2)汉语中动词的搭配比较模糊;英语中动词和名词的搭配很明确。

主语:动词动作的发出者

宾语:动词动作的承受着(承受者如果要做主语必须使用被动)

比如:“猪喂了吗?你!”

译: Have you fed the pig?

英语的句子基本结构

① 主语 + 谓语

主语加不及物的谓语动词构成,常用来表示主语的动作。

中文: 太阳升起来了。

英文: The sun rises.

② 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语

③ 主语 + 系动词 + 表语

1) 主谓宾的谓语一定是实义动词。

实义动词就是能够表达动作的动词。如 :吃、喝、拉、撒

2) 主系表的谓语一定是系动词。

以下六类:

表示状态: be动词(连接主语和表语,无意义,用于构成句子)

表示感官:look,sound,taste,smell,feel (提醒:感官动词后面只能加形容词)

表示变化:grow,fall,turn,get,become

表示保持:stand,keep,stay,remain 保持

表示表象: seem,appear

表示结果:prove

有些动词是两面派,既可以作系动词又可以作实义动词

以下动词作实义动词时意思为:

get : 得到

turn: 转动,转弯

grow: 成长,发展,种植

fall: 下降

keep: 继续养育

stay:逗留(stay in Beijing)

中文: 这房子多年来一直保持整洁 (keep 为系动词)

英文: The house has kept clean for year.

中文: 这条狗我已经养了五年 (keep 为实义动词)

英文: I have kept the dog for 5 years.

④ 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语

英文: He returned me my textbook.

英文: He brought me some candies.

英文: He told me a story.

⑤ 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾补

复合宾语

宾语补足语的主要作用为补充说明宾语的特点、身份,或让宾语完成某个动作

充当宾语补足语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式

英文: I can make you successful.

英文: many mother wants me to be a teacher.

区别④和⑤ 在宾语中间加be动词,意思对为宾补 ,不对即为主谓双宾

(1) I make Dayan (be) a cake . 主谓双宾

(2) My father will buy me (be) a new smartphone.主谓双宾

(3) I left my pen (be) on my desk 宾补

简单句的成分

一 、谓语

(1)谓语成分

①Dayan must (be) very beautiful

②My mother love(s) me so much.

中文: 讨论中没有达成一致意见

英文: No agreement was reached in the discussion.

中文: 2008年的奥运会在北京举行

英文: The 2008 Olympic Games were held in Beijing.

总结:谓语就是具有时态和语态的实义动词(词组) 或者系动词

(2)一句话能否出现两个或两个以上的动词或动词短语? (一句话只能只能有一个动词且充当谓语,多余的动词全要变成非谓语动词)

①Play(ing) games is my hobby. 谓语只能是动词

②I enjoy sleep(ing). 动词只能作谓语

③My dream is to become a lawyer.

所以我们需要把一句话当中所有不作谓语的动词全部都要变成不是动词.

那些不能作谓语的动词(词组)怎么办?

变成不是动词,也就是非动词结构,即“非谓语动词”

(1)动词变为动名词,多在其后加ing 变为V.ing, 起名词作用;

(2)动词变为现在分词,多在其后加ing 变为V.ing, 表示主动或进行

(主动居多);

(3)动词变为过去分词,多在其后加ed变为V.ed, 表示被动或完成

(被动居多);

(4)动词变为不定式,前面加to,变为to do, 表示目的或将来(目的);

中文: 听到这个消息,她开心地跳了起来。

英文: Hearing the news,she jumped with joy

中文: 大雁推开门走了进去,看到学生们都坐在椅子上。

英文: Dayan pushed the door open,walking into the room and seeing students sitting on the chairs.

中文: 冬天来了,春天就不远了

英文: Winner coming,spring will be around the corner. (独立主格:主语不一致 )

中文: 大学时间都用来谈恋爱了是我最大的损失。

英文: Spending so much time dating at college is my biggest loss.

惑It is my biggest loss to spend so much time dating at college.(动词不定式充当主语 通常把不定式放到句末 加It 充当形式主语)

中文: 铁锤在家呢!

英文:Tiechui is at home!

中文: 我一定要超越你。

英文:I must be beyond (beyond 是介词) you.

当一句话需要动词而又没有动词的时候,加be动词,并且be动词无意思

小结:一句话当中有且只能有一个有时态和语态的实义动词或系动词的存在,并且充当谓语。

二、主语

(1)主语的成分

①(She) is a teacher.

②(Her) job is to teach English.

③(Helping you) learn english well is her task.

④(That she will quit his job as an English teacher) has upset every one of us.

能作主语的成分有:代词、名词(短语)、非谓语结构和从句(引导词+句子)

①帅气和努力是他的两个特点

Handsome and hard-working are his characteristics. (X)

Being handsome and hard-working is his characteristic.(非谓语动词作主语 用单数)

②我的母亲是个很懦弱但是善良的人是显而易见的。

My mother is a very weak but kind person is obvious.(X)

(That my mother is a very weak but kind person) is obvious.

(2)主语能不能少?

无主语的解决方案:

解决方案一:

There be 句型 (有)

中文: 她的包里有一封情书

英文:There is a love letter in her bag.

中文: 一年有四个季节

英文:There are four seaons in a year.

中文: 有很多原因能解释为什么精神的富足最重要

英文:There are numerous factors explaining why spiritual abundance is the most important.

解决方案二:

it 作主语:必须和天气、温度、时间有关

中文: 房间里很热

英文:It is hot in the room.

中文: 重庆很潮湿

英文:it is humid in Chongqing

中文: 雪一直在下

英文:it keeps snowing.

解决方案三:汉语的无主句,或者是使用人作主语的句子,都可以写成被动

中文: 必须指出英语很重要

英文: English must be pointed out to be important(vital).

中文: 建议政府采取措施了

英文: The government should be suggested to take measures.

中文: 越来越多的人意识到污染很严重

英文: Polluition is thought to be serious by more and more people.

解决方案四:人称代词作主语

We all agree with his idea. 我们都同意他的观点 (不及物动词无被动)

练习:

① 中文:河南有很多美食,比如烩面和胡辣汤

英文: There are many delicious foods in Henan,such as stewed noodles and spicy soup.

② 中文:抽空去看看你的妈妈吧,虽然她可能以前做过一些错误的决定。

英文:Time could be made(taken) to visit your mother even thought she may have made some bad decisions in the past.

② 中文:南极越来越热了,很多企鹅都要迁徙了

英文: It’s getting hot in Antarctica, and many penguins are migrating.

三、宾语

1.宾语的成分

①The students admire her.

②Dayan receives a love letter.

③Tiedan enjoys watching TV.

④They believe that he is lying.

(1)请问下面这句话是“主谓宾” 结构吗?

He stood on the table.(他站在桌子上 ) 主谓结构 on the table 地点状语

我喜欢在重庆

I like in Chongqing (X)

I like being/staying in Chongqing.(非谓语动词作宾语)

我的儿子虽然才3岁,但是他已经懂得了诚实和善良。

My son is only 3 years old,but he already konws honesty and kindness. (名词作宾语)

四、表语

(1)表语的成分:名词、代词、非谓语、从句、形容词(短语)、介词(短语)

①她看起来很消极.

She looks negative. (形容词作表语)

②我喜欢睡觉和美食,但是我的梦想是成功通过这次考试

I like sleeping and eating but my dream is to pass the exam successifully.

but 后面的句子为 主系表 结构 表语是动词不定式短语

③我的观点是努力是成功的关键

My qargument is that hard work is key to success.

五、动词和动词时态语态

(1)动词的分类

①实义动词

实义动词是表示具体动作的词。

常见的分类:及物动词和不及物动词;

及物动词:后面直接加宾语,并且必须加宾语。

accept the idea; buy a book;

不及物动词:后面不能直接加宾语,必须要加了介词以后才能加宾语

I agree with you

②连系动词

表示状态: be动词(连接主语和表语,无意义,用于构成句子)

表示感官:look,sound,taste,smell,feel (提醒:感官动词后面只能加形容词)

表示变化:grow,fall,turn,get,become

表示保持:stand,keep,stay,remain 保持

表示表象: seem,appear

表示结果:prove

③情态动词 (表明说话人主观态度的单词)

I cook every day.

I have to cook every day.

情态动词就是表明说话人主观态度的词汇。这也说明了情态动词不能单独出现,后面必须接实义动词(词组)或系动词一起构成谓语。

情态动词总结:

表推测:

可能性 must > can > could > may > might

对现在的推测:情态动词+V原型

he must be a rich man.

情态动词——表示对过去的推测: 情态动词+have done

Tiechui must have been unsure of himself at university…

铁锤在大学的时候一定很不自信……

You needn’t have shown your love in this way.

你不需要用这种方式来表达你的爱。

I could have become an excellent poet.

我本可以成为一名优秀的诗人。

He should have marrired a beautiful lady.

他本应该娶一个漂亮的女人。

总结:

must(can’t) have done;一定做过(没有做过)某事…

needn’t have done; 本没必要做某事,但是做了

could have done; 本能够做某事,但没有做

should have done;本应该做某事,但没有做

④助动词

助动词就是帮助谓语动词一起构成否定、疑问、时态、语态等的词。

助动词-分类及用法

(1)be

助动词be主要用来构成进行时和被动语态

I am studying in America now.

(2)do

do的各种形式did does 以及否定形式don’t/didn’t /doesn’t

主要用来构成否定句、疑问句。

Do you know Lisa well? 你很了解丽萨吗?

Don‘t you understand what I am saying? 你不明白我现在在说什么吗?

do/does/did 可对谓语动词进行强调

Do be careful when crossing the streets. 过马路的时候一定要小心

you do look beautiful in that dress . 你穿那条裙子看起来确实很漂亮

(3)have

have的各种形式has had 否定hasn’t/hadn’t 主要用来帮助构成完成时

We haven’t finished our work yet. 我们还没完成工作

(4) will/would

will/would 作助动词后面+动词原形帮助动词构成将来时

I will arrive in Beijing at five o’clock 我将会在五点到达北京

时态

1.一般现在时

一般现在时表示经常或反复发生的动作或行为。

基本结构为:主语+动词原形 (ps:若主语是第三人称单数,动词要变为三单形式,通常是动词后加s或者es)

(1)表达经常的动作或状态,常与often,always,usually等时间状语连用

①这家店每天八点开门

The shop opens at eight every day.

②这儿很少下雨

It seldom rains here.

(2)表示客观存在或普遍真理

①地球围绕太阳旋转

The earth moves round the sun.

(3)在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态 (主将从现)

①我想如果邀请他,他会来的

I think he will come if he is invited.

2.现在进行时

现在进行时表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为

基本结构为: 主语+be doing

表示现阶段正在进行的动作

通常用表示现阶段的时间状语 如:today,this week,this month,this year,this term,now等

我弟弟目前正在写一部小说

My brother is waiting a novel now.

并不是所有的动词都可以用进行时,有些动词是不能用进行时的,常见的不能用于进行时态的句子可分为以下三类:

表示感觉或感情的词,如:hear,see,smell,taste,feel,seem,notice,hate,love,like,want,wish,refuse,prefer,forgive等

表示存在或所属的词,如:exist,stay,remain,obtain,have,own等

表示认识或理解的词,如:understand,know,remeber,believe,think,doubt等

3.现在完成时

现在完成时表示过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在的影响及产生的结果。

基本结构为:主语+has/have done

(1)常由sincefor引导的时间状语等时间状语连用。或者听到了“已经”或“曾经

①我已在此住了30年了

I have lived here for thirty years.

②我今天还没见过她呢

I haven’t seen here today.

③我们今年已经见过两次了

We have met twice this year.

④到目前为止,已经发生了巨大变化

Great changes have taken place up to the present.

4.一般过去时

一般过去时表示过去某个个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。基本结构是be动词或实义动词的过去式。

基本结构: 主语+动词过去式

与一般过去时连用的时间状语有:yesterday,last night(week,month,year,Sunday),then,at that time,at that month,just now,a few days(weeks,months,years) ago等

①我昨天看见他了

I saw him yesterday.

②昨晚我给你打电话了

I called you last night.

③这是我几周前买的。

I bought it a few weeks ago.

5.过去进行时

过去进行时表示过去某个时间点正在发生的动作。

基本结构为:主语+was/were doing

①他来的时候我正在看书

I was reading a book when he came.

②那时他在唱歌,她在跳舞

At that time,he was singing while she was dancing.

6.过去完成时

过去完成时表示过去某时刻之前的动作或状态。就是过去的过去。

基本结构为:主语+had done

(1)表示过去某时刻之前的动作

①警察到达时,小偷早就跑了

When the police arrived,the thieves had run away.

②她说她从去过英国

she said she was been to Britain.

(2)在一些固定搭配中要使用过去完成时

在hardly/barely/scarely …. when …; no sooner … than 这些固定句型中使用过去完成时,翻译为:”一…..就…..”

①我们刚到就不得不返回

We had hardly arrived when we had to go back.

Hardly had we arrived when we had to go back.

②他一到罗马就被绑架了。

No sooner had he arrived in Rome than he was kidnapped.

7.一般将来时

一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态或打算、计划或准备做某事

基本结构为:主语+will /shall do 或者是主语+be going to do

①她要结婚了

she will get marrired.

②我要和你谈谈这件事

I am going to talk about this matter with you.

③我打算明天完成作业

I am going to finish my homework tomorrow.

语态

英语的语态共有两种:主动语态和被动语态

主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者

被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,一般来说,只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态

几种常见时态的被动结构

一般现在时:am/is/are +done

Our home is cleaned by my mother every day.

我妈妈每天打扫我们的房子

一般过去时: was/were +done

The car was broken in that accident.

车在那次事故中损坏了

Many books were sent to rural elementary schools.

很多书被送往农村小学

一般将来时: will be +done

His wedding will be held in this hotel.

他的婚礼将在这个酒店举行。

现在进行时: am/is/are + being + done

A new libraryh is being built in our campus.

学校正在盖一个新的图书馆。

The rooms are being painted.Please don’t come in.

房间正在粉刷,请不要进来

过去进行时: was/ were +being + done

We couldn’t get through because the road was being mended at that time.

我们过不去因为当时正在修路。

现在完成时: has/have +been + done

One million books have been published since last year.

自去年以来,已经出版了一百万本书

过去完成时: had + been +done

We I got to the cinema,I found the tickets had already been sold out.

当我到电影院时,我发现票已经卖完了。

举例

①这是大雁的演讲.

This speech was delivered by Dayan.

②乔治被选为班长

George was elected monitor of the class.

③因为他的表现良好,他受到了刘老师的赞扬。

He was praised by Miss Liu because of his good performance.

无被动情况

①系动词无被动(主系表)

The milk smells sour. 牛奶闻起来酸了

Dayan looks very tired. 大雁看起来特别累

②have,own,possess含义为“拥有”时,一般无被动

I have many cute dolls. 我有很多可爱的洋娃娃

③表示“发生”或“爆发”的动词(词组)无被动

发生:take place,happen,occur

爆发:break out,burst out

I happened to meet him there. 我碰巧在那儿遇见他

The war broke out in 1937. 这场战争于1937年爆发

④不及物动词无被动(主谓)

The price has risen.涨价了。

⑤宾语为不定式、动词的ing形式或从句,表达主语的一些想法、爱好、愿望时,一般不用被动语态

He decided to go with us. 他决定跟我们一起去

⑥宾语是相互代词、反身代词、同源宾语等时,一般不用被动语态

We should help each other. 我们应该互相帮助。

⑦宾语是处所、地点时,一般不用被动语态

He has gone to Chongqing. 他已经去重庆了。

并列句

用连词连接两个句子

I love you,you love that dog.(X)

方法有三

(1) 加入并列连词连接两个分句

I love you,but you love that me.

(2)将其中的一个句子变成从句

Although I love you,you love that dog.

(3)独立主格

I loving you,you love that dog.

连词分类及区别

1.常见并列连词

1)平行关系:

and,not only …. but also…,both …. and…..,neither…. nor….等

例句: He got up,washed his face,had breakfast and went to school.

他起床,洗脸,吃早餐,然后去上学

Not only the students but also I like Dayan

不仅是学生,我也喜欢大雁

2)转折关系:but,while,yet,whereas

例句:I love you,but you love her 我爱你,但你爱她

He is thin while his wife is overweight. 他很瘦,而他的妻子超重

3)选择关系:or,either…. or…. (either you or I am a student)

Are you coming or not? 你来还是不来?

Either he or I should study hard. 他或者我应该努力学习

4)因果关系:【because,since,for,(因为)】so(所以)等

举例:I work hard because I was born into a poor family.

我努力工作,因为我出生在一个贫穷的家庭。

He has to work hard,for he wants to support his girlfriend.

他必须努力工作,因为他要养活他的女朋友。

2.表示逻辑关系的其他词(副词和介词短语)

1)平行关系:Equally,similarly,likewise,simultaneously,at the same time,in the meanwhile ,in the same way等。(and)

I love Dayan,and I love Sally at the same time.

我爱大雁,同样地,我也爱Sally。

I am a poor talker.In the same way,she is not talkative either.

我是一个不善言辞的人,同样地,她也不爱说话。

2)递进关系:Then ,also,besides,furthermore,moreover,additionally,subsequently,in addition等。(此外…而且)

I get up at five o’clock every day,and then I go to Miss Yan’s class.

3)转折关系:

however,nevertheless,nonetheless,conversely,contrarily,unfortunately,unexpectedly,on the contrary,by contrast,on the other hand. (但是)

He is poor now.However,when he was young he was the richest in this town.

4)选择关系:alternatively(了解)

We could take the train or alternatively go by car.

我们可以坐火车去,也可以坐汽车去。

5)因果关系:

因为:because of,be responsible for,due to,owing to,thanks to

所以:thus,hence,consequently,therefore,as a result,as a consequence等 + n/v ing

Owing to.the help of Dayan,I successfully passed the CET-4 examination.

因为大雁的帮助,我成功的通过了四级考试。

6) 总结关系:(总之)

On the whole,all in all,overall,in conclusion/summary/general,generally(speaking)

as a whole,mainly,substantially

to sum up,to conclude,in short/brief,in a word等

举例:Substantially,measures should be taken to solve the problem.

总之,应该采取措施解决这个问题了。

7)表示引出新对象

(这类词没有连词,主要是一些介词和介词短语)

about = concerning = regarding = with regard to = as for/to = in respct of 关于

in terms of 就…而论,在…方面

3.同意思的连词与其他逻辑关系词的区别

He failed many times,he didn’t despair.

He failed many times but he didn’t despair. (but前加逗号也可以)

He failed many times.However,he didn’t despair. (However为介词 不能连接两个句子)

Failing many times,However,he didn’t despair. (√)

He failed many times,and However,he didn’t despair. (and 无意思)

同意思的连词与其他逻辑关系词的区别在于:当使用连词的时候前面有无逗号均可,当使用副词或介词短语的时候,前面要么用句号要么加连词and。

练习:

①这辆车子很旧,但仍处于良好的状态。(转折)

The car was old,yet it was in excellent condition。

或The car was old.However,it was in excellent condition。

②平庸的人喜欢热闹的生活,优秀的人喜欢独处

Ordinary persons like noisy life,yet these excellent ones enjoy staying alone.

Ordinary persons like noisy life,and However these excellent ones enjoy staying alone.

③爱情已经不在了,他还活在过去。

Love has gone,but he is still living in the past.

Love has gone. However,he is still living in the past.

名词(短语)和名词性从句

一、名词(短语)能作什么成分?

主语、宾语、表语、同位语

同位语:用来解释或补充名词的成分,通常跟在名词后

例:我爱我的女朋友—-大雁

I love my girlfriend,Dayan。

可以作同位语的成分不只是名词,还有代词、动名词和从句

I can not bear the boy in front of me,him

I enjoy this sport,playing football

The fact (that he is married) is unbelievable

1.什么是从句?

从句就是 “引导词(连词) +分句(句子)” ,也就是说“引导词 +主语 +谓语”。

2.什么是名词性从句?

①The movie is encouraging.

(What I saw repeatedly ) is so moving and encouraging. (主语从句)

②I admire (his mother)

I admire (what his mother said). 宾语从句

③Gump is (a real man)

Gump is (who we should learn from). 表语从句

④I enjoy the part,(the warm ending).

I enjoy the part (that a feather is flying in the sky). 同位语从句

名词在句子中能充当什么成分,从句在句子中就也能充当什么成分,这就是名词性从句。名词性从句一共包括四类:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。

3、名词性从句的引导词

①我爱你是显而易见的。

___That_ I love you is obvious。

②你爱我吗是显而易见的

___Whether__ (do省略,已经暗含有是否的含义,语义歧义) you love me is obvious。

③你爱谁真是一个秘密。

Who (do省略) you love is really a secret。

名词性从句的引导词是按从句类型分类,一共把引导词分为3类:

1)that:当从句是 陈述句 时。需要注意的是that在从句中不充当成分,也没有实义。在不影响句子意思的情况下,宾语从句的引导词that可以省略。

2)whether/if:当从句是一般疑问句时。whether/if 在从句中不充当成分,但翻译为“是 否”。需要注意的是,这两个引导词中whether可以引导所有的名词性从句,而 if 只能引导宾语从句。

3)特殊疑问词:当从句是特殊疑问句时,特殊疑问词在从句中都充当了成分,且都有固定的意思,不能省略。常见的连接副词有:where 、why、how;常见的连接代词有:who、whom、what、which、whose

并且英语中所有从句都是陈述句的语序。 从句的语序:“引导词+主语+谓语” 。

①我想知道人类为什么生活在地球上

I wonder (why human beings live on the earth). (宾从)

②外星人存在与否真的很重要

Whether aliens exist is really important

③我的想法是,下课后我们去看电影吧。

my idea is that we will go to see a movie after class.

④她成功地找到了朋友,这使我很高兴

That she succeeded in making friends makes me happy.

⑤有一天你会发现友情比爱情重要

Someday,you will find that friendship is more important than love.

⑥他们离开家乡去西藏的原因是一个谜团

Why they left hometowns for Tibet is a mystery.

⑦我正在思考我是否应该和女朋友分手

I am reflecting whether I should dump my girlfriend.

⑧他的成功证明了努力决定命运

His triumph demonstrates that endeavors determine destiny.

宾语从句

位于及物动词、介词和复合谓语之后的从句称为宾语从句

宾语从句的引导词

从属连词: that、if(是否)、whether;

连接代词:who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever、whomever、whatever

连接副词:how、when、why、where、whenever

1.动词的宾语从句

①I think (that)Dayan is really a beauty.

我认为大雁真是个美人

② I wonder whether(if) you can pass CET-4.

我怀疑你能否通过四级考试

“是否”: whether、if,whether可以引导所有的名词性从句,if只能引导宾语从句

2、介词的宾语从句

① we are discussing about how we can do the job better.

我们正在讨论怎样才能把这项工作做得更好。

② They succeeded in what they set out to do.

他们实现了既定的目标。

3、形容词的宾语从句

① I am not sure whether I shall be able to be present.

我不能确定我是否能出席

②I‘m sastisfied that they are telling the truth.

我确信他们讲的是真话。

4、if和whether的区别

(1)介词后的宾语从句一般用whether引导

Our success depends on whether we work hard.

我们的成功取决于我们是否努力。

(2)与or not 连用时,用whether不用if

Please say definitely whether you will be coming or not.

请说清楚,你来还是不来。

(3)有些句子如果用if容易产生歧义,也用whether不用if

Could you tell me if you know the answer?

你能告诉我是否知道答案码?

如果你知道答案请告诉我好吗?

5、宾语从句的时态

(1)主句如果是现在时或将来时,从句可用除了过去完成时、过去完成进行时以外所有的时态

①I know I’m asking a great deal.

我知道我的要求很高

②主句如果是过去的时态,从句一般也要用过去的某种时态。

①He asked me if I was reading the story The moon and Six pence when he was in.

提醒:宾语从句如果是表示客观事实和真理时,无论主语用什么时态,从句都用一般现在时

①The teacher told us that the earth moves round the sun.

表语从句

表语从句是在复合句中充当表语的从句,表语从句的引导词同主语从句和宾语从句。

主要连词有:that 、whether、as if/though、because

连接代词:who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever、whomever、whatever

连接副词:how、when、why、where、whenever

①事实是他没有做真正的努力。

The fact is that he doesn’t really try.

②我的观点是人应该善良并且有梦想

My opinion is that human beings should be kind and have dreams。

③问题的关键是我们总是对别人而不是对自己要求很严格。

The key is (that we are too strict with others but not with ourselves).

④我错误的原因是我不够仔细。

The reason for my mistake is that I was not careful enough.

同位语从句

同位语从句指在复合句中充当同位语的从句

1、当从句是陈述句的时候,引导词用that

①我赞同(孝敬父母是中华民族传统美德)这种观点。

I agree with the idea that respecting the elderly is a traditional Chinese virtue.

2、当从句是一般疑问句时,引导词用whether(是否)

①它是对还是错这个问题取决于结果。

The question (whether it is right or wrong) depends on the result.

定语从句

(1)定语的成分:

1、形容词(短语)做定语

①这朵漂亮的玫瑰花变成了红色

The beautiful rose turns red.

2、名词(短语)作定语

① 学生爱上了教授的女儿

The student falls in love with the professor’s daughter.

The student falls in love with daughter of the professor.

3、介词短语作定语

①窗外的夜莺听到了年轻人的叹息。

The neightingale out of the window heard the sigh of the young man.

4、分词、不定式(非谓语)作定语

唱歌的夜莺最终因爱而死

In the end,the singing nightingale died because of love?

In the end,the singing neightingale died because of love.

5、从句作定语

①(夜莺用生命换来的)玫瑰花并没有帮到那个学生

The rose (that the nightingale exchanged with his life) failed to help the student.

(2)定语的位置

前小后大,一个单词修饰名词通常放在名词前,多个单词修饰名词通常放在名词后

①这是一个夜莺和玫瑰的故事

This is story (about a rose and a nightingale).

②在王子的舞会上,那个懂爱的年轻人被拒绝了。

At the party of the prince,the young man knowing love was rejected.

③她收到了一封用铅笔写的信

She received a letter (written in pencil).

④(没有任何画画基础的)这个中年男人却梦想成为一名画家

The middle-aged man (without any painting foundation) dreams of becoming a painter.

he is a man dumped

当过去分词修饰名词,即使一个单词也放在名词后

I have something important to say

当形容词修饰不定代词时,即使只有一个单词,也通常放在不定代词后

1、定从的构成部分

先行词【名词(短语)】 + 引导词 + 分句

Her favorite celebrity is Marilyn Monroe who is good at singing as well as dancing.

她最喜欢的明星是玛丽莲梦露,她擅长唱跳。

先行词:Marilyn Monroe 即定语从句要修饰的名词

引导词:who

分句:is good at singing as well as dancing

2、定语从句的引导词

1)当先行词是人时,引导词有:that,who,whom,whose;

2)当先行词是物时,引导词有:that,which,whose;

3)当先行词是时间时,引导词有:that,which,when;

4)当先行词是地点时,引导词有:that,which,where;

5)当先行词是原因时,引导词有:that,which,why;

到底是谁决定了定于从句引导词用法?

①先行词

②看引导词在从句能够充当的成分,两者共同决定了从句引导词用法。

I will never forget the day _______when____ I met you. (that (代 在从句中充当主语或宾语 ) /when (副词))

that 在名词性从句中只充当引导词(ps:扮演角色不同)

I will never forget the day __that we spent.

You had better gime me some reasons why you are late.

You had better gime me some reasons that sounds perfect.

定语从句的引导词也可以按照引导词本身的词性或者按照引导词在从句中充当的成分分为三类:

(1)代词(在从句中充当主语或宾语):who、whom(在从句中仅能充当宾语。如果作宾语时引导定于从句who的前面不能有介词,whom前面可以加介词.如没有介词,两者可以通用。)、that、which;

(2)副词(在从句中不充当任何主干部分):where,when,why;

(3)形容词:whose(先行词是人/物 在从句中修饰离它最近的那个名词)

1)父亲是百万富翁的铁锤爱上了大雁

Tiechui whose father is a millionaire falls in love with Dayan.

2) 我喜欢屋顶是圆形的建筑物

I love buildings _______whose____ roofs are round.

3) 那个老妇人在她儿子到达的那天去世了。

The old lady died on the day when her son arrived. (her son arrived 不缺成分)

4) 我们应该尊重那些坚持梦想的穷孩子

We should respect those poor children who/that____ stick to their dream.

5)女孩还是喜欢(王子送给她的)珠宝

The girl prefers the jewelry _______that______ the prince sent to her.介词短语不能作宾语

6)我们生活在一个事物飞速变化的时代

We are living in an age __________when_______ everything is changing rapidly.

7) 我认为大雁是能帮助你学好英语的那个老师

I think Dayan is the teacher who__ help you to improve your English.

8)我写信给你的原因是想给你道歉

The reason why I’m writing to you is to express my apologies.

2、定语从句的特殊用法

①that引导定语从句时,如果that在从句中充当宾语,that可以省略

He is reading the book (that)he bought (?) yesterday.

他正在看他昨天买的那本书。

I enjoy the movie (that)we saw(?)yesterday.

我喜欢我们昨天看的这部电影

在翻译的时候,见到两个名词或代词放在一起,中间没有被任何的标点符号或连词隔开,通常都是省略了that的定语从句

②区别限制性定语从句(不带,)和非限制性定语从句(,)

(1) I love teacher Liu who is beautiful. 我爱漂亮的刘老师

(2) I love teacher Liu,who is beautiful. 我爱刘老师,她挺漂亮的。

非限制性定语从句相当于插入语,可不看;限制性定语从句必须得看;

③ 介词 + 关系代词引导的定语从句

当先行词和引导词之间有介词的话,修饰人只能用whom。物只能用which

He is the student with _____whom______ my teacher talked.

this is the hotel at __ which______ Mr.Json likes to stay.

④固定搭配the same …. as 和 the same …. that 引导的定语从句

the same …. as 翻译成“像……一样的”

the same … that 翻译成 “正是…..”

Mr. Darcy is the same man as I love

我喜欢的是像达西先生一样的男人

Mr. Darcy is the same man that I love

我爱的男人正是达西先生

⑤定语从句中引导词which和that的区别

(1)用which的情况(非限制性定语从句只能用which不能用that)

The London team,which played so well last season,has done badly this reason.

伦敦队上一个赛季打得很好,这个赛季却打得很差

放在介词后作宾语只能用which

he had only the long nights in which he could study.

他只能利用漫长的夜晚来学习。

(2)用that的情况

当先行词是不定代词much,little,none,all,few,every(thing),any(thing)、no(thing)

I did nothing that might hurt you.

我没做任何可能伤害你的事

当主句以here,there 开头时

Here is the hotel (that you’ve been looking for).

这就是你一直在找的那个旅馆。

当先行词被the only,the same,the very等限定词修饰时

When people talk about Chongqing,the very thing that comes to mind is the Hotpot.

人们一说到重庆,想到的正是火锅。

当先行词被any,few,little,no,all,much,some等修饰

You can take any seat that is free。

当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时

This is the most interesting story book that I have ever read.

这是我读过的最有趣的一本故事书。

当先行词是疑问代词who,which,what或主句以这些词开头时

Who that has ever worked together with him doesn’t admire him?

曾经和他一起工作过的人谁不钦佩他?

当先行词即有人又有物

They are talking of (the heroines and their deeds) that interest them.

他们正在讨论他们感兴趣的女英雄及他们的事迹